Today most utilities typically operate their own private wireless mobile
networks , delivering voice and a limited amount of data connectivity over a
wide variety of technologies in both licensed and unlicensed bands.

While unlicensed spectrum solutions may have worked in the past in the most
remote rural areas, the increase in new smart grid and work-force applications
has driven the need for licensed solutions that can deliver consistent, high
data throughput without possible interference from other networks. 

Of course obtaining licensed spectrum comes with its own set of challenges. 
Utilities are not always able find the spectrum they need, and assuming they do,
are often at the mercy of obtaining it from the spectrum holder.

One company founded in 2006 has come up with an interesting approach.  "We
went out and listened to what customers said they wanted," says Stewart Kantor,
CEO of Full Spectrum.  "One of the things that utilities told us is that
they wanted to use licensed frequencies with their existing tower locations."

In fact according to Kantor, almost every utility in the country has their own
tower sites for their existing private LAN mobile radio systems.  "They all
have mission critical voice applications that they run on their own," says
Kantor.  "What we wanted to do was use their existing tower infrastructure
with our base stations over the same frequencies they use for LAN mobile radio
and provide them similar coverage."

Coverage is indeed one of the challenges as some utilities have up to 50% of
their service area not covered by their existing networks.  Utilities often
operate in a mix of dense urban to extreme rural areas and need to flexibility
of operating in both.

The solution came in the form of a highly-customizable software defined radio. 
The company has developed a single radio that covers all frequencies between
40-958GHz.  The operator can tune it based on the frequencies he has access
and only needs to change the antenna.  "We took the mobile WiMAX standard
and modified it to work in low frequencies below 1GHz and in very narrow
channels at higher power," says Kantor.  "For example, in the 217MHz band
there are 2x 500 kHz channels that we can operate 4 watts of transmit power and
can do this for both mobile and fixed data."

In fact, Kantor often refers to Full Spectrum’s technology as "inverted WiMAX"
since it replaces high spectrum, wide channels and low power with low spectrum,
narrow channels and high transmit power.

While the negative side of using narrow channels is less throughput or data
capacity, the advantage is that it propagates much further.  Of course
customers that need higher data rates can achieve them assuming they have more
spectrum to work with.  Additionally, because of their lightly loaded
network approach, utilities can increase data throughput with aggressive
frequency reuse, taking the same narrow channels and using them in three sectors
to increase data rate three times when needed.

"Take the Sprint/Clearwire network in Baltimore as an example," says Kantor. 
"Utilizing 2.5GHz spectrum in a 5MHz channel at 200 milliwatts provides a
coverage area of about 1.5-2 miles (12 square miles).  With our technology
operating at 217MHz utilizing 500MHz channels at 4 watts, we are able to achieve
a coverage radius of 20 miles (1,200 square miles)." The savings from not having
to put additional towers can add up quickly, with additional towers costing up
to $250,000 each, not to mention the long lead times required.

But just how much capacity do utilities really need and what kind of performance
can they get with such narrow channels? In the past, the data demands of devices
have been low, but the proliferation in the number of units and the use of new
application such as video is pushing this further.

"Today utilities that use 9.6kbps to communicate are now looking for 1Mbps,"
says Kantor.  "They want to do video streaming for security and Wi-Fi at
the sub-station for VoIP phones, and other work-force applications.  While
not all of the device may be operating at high speed, there are now literally
thousands of smart grid devices and the network needs to be able to handle all
of them reporting frequently."

"For our radios, a good average number between QPSK modulation and 64-QAM at
2bits per second per Hertz in a 500kHz channel would be around 1 Mbps," says
Kantor.  "Customers that have 6MHz of spectrum to work with can achieve up
to 12 Mbps, increase this to 36Mbps with 3 sectors and frequency reuse."

Typical customer Land Mobile Tower Site

But why not just piggy-back off the data networks of one of the major 3G or 4G
carriers? With their new data networks being built-out, Verizon, AT&T and others
are aggressively marketing their services to utilities for smart meters as well
as other M2M (machine to machine) applications in other industries.

"While providing services for automated meter reading is very competitive with
many cellular companies participating, we feel that utilities are eventually are
going to want to move to a licensed, private solution," says Kantor.  "Some
utilities may choose to use cellular in the short term, but with the complexity
of smart grid technologies will eventually want to move to their own private
network, especially with something this mission critical."

Although not able to disclose the names of specific companies, Full Spectrum is
planning pilots this summer with several large US public utilities, testing the
equipment and applications in various frequency bands and channel sizes. 
They will be testing performance of frequency, range, data-rate as well as
distribution automation and mobile workforce management applications.  The
results of the testing will be used to determine which applications work best in
a given spectrum and geography.

So why use mobile WiMAX as opposed to other wireless technologies? "We often
have to explain to customers why we chose WiMAX," says Kantor.  "We could
have chosen LTE and made the changes, but we figured the robustness of WiMAX for
TDD and quality of what you get with the standard made it the right choice."